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La derrota republicana en la guerra civil española generó una especie de «sentimiento de culpabilidad» en buena parte de la izquierda europea y estadounidense. Durante la II Guerra Mundial el interés del sindicalismo internacional por España no desapareció, pero quedó en un segundo plano. Tras la derrota de Hitler, el sindicalismo estadounidense impulsó numerosas campañas de ayuda a quienes luchaban contra la dictadura franquista, considerada vestigio del fascismo derrotado. Pero tal solidaridad trasatlántica se produjo en un contexto desfavorable. La politizada atmósfera de la guerra fría cercenó la acción exterior de los sindicatos estadounidenses. Algo que no siempre comprendieron sus homólogos europeos. Pese a ello, aquella ayuda del otro lado del Atlántico contribuyó a la supervivencia del sindicalismo antifranquista; fue importante para denunciar la represión franquista en distintos foros internacionales. En las páginas siguientes intento explicar los pormenores de lo sucedido en el período 1945-1975, contrastando documentación inédita de archivos estadounidenses con fuentes españolas. ; The Republican defeat in the Spanish Civil War generated a kind of "feeling of remorse" across much of the European and American left. During World War II, international unionism did not lose interest in Spain, but it was relegated in importance. After the defeat of Hitler, American unionism promoted numerous aid campaigns to support those who fought against the Franco dictatorship, which was considered a remaining vestige after the defeat of fascism elsewhere. But this Transatlantic solidarity took place in an adverse context. The politicized atmosphere of the Cold War hindered the foreign action of US unions, a circumstance which their European counterparts sometimes failed to understand. Nevertheless, support from the other side of the Atlantic contributed to the survival of anti-Franco trade unionism and was important in denouncing the repression exercised by the Franco regime in a number of international forums. The following pages seek to clarify what happened during the 1945-1975 period, comparing unpublished documentation from US archives with Spanish sources. ; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España). Proyecto HAR2013-44849-P (I+D+i) ; peerReviewed
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[ES] La dimensión cultural de la relación hispano-estadounidense durante el franquismo ha sido poco estudiada. Sin embargo, tuvo un papel importante e influyó notablemente en los aspectos políticos, militares, económicos, etc., de aquella conexión. Dentro de aquel ámbito, un episodio destacado fue el establecimiento del programa de cooperación e intercambio educativo y científico de becas Fulbright. Para gestionarlo se creó una comisión binacional. Pese a determinadas declaraciones iniciales de supuesta sintonía entre las partes, los agentes diplomáticos de Washington tenían unas expectativas y prioridades bastante diferentes de las que albergaban sus homólogos de Madrid. Las estadounidenses se centraron en potenciar la enseñanza del inglés y de los Estudios Norteamericanos, American Studies, en las universidades de nuestro país. Las españolas, en poder beber de los prestigiosos centros de conocimiento técnico y científico existentes en los Estados Unidos. Hemos analizado, tomando como ejemplo el caso de la Universidad de Salamanca, cuáles fueron los avatares sobre el terreno y en qué grado se cumplieron los objetivos específicos estadounidenses de que sus producciones humanísticas fueran entendidas y estudiadas en España. ; [EN] Cultural aspects of the Spanish-Northamerican relations during the Franco's regime have been scarcely studied. Nevertheless, they played an important role and influenced notably the political, military and economic aspects of that connection. Inside that context, an outstanding episode was the establishment of the Fulbright grants, a program of cooperation and of educational and scientific scholarship exchange. A binational commission was created in order to manage this project. Despite certain initial declarations of a supposed perfect understanding between the two parts, the diplomatic agents of Washington had quite different expectations and priorities from those that their counterparts of Madrid expressed. On the one hand, the Americans focused on promoting the teaching of English language and American Studies in spanish universities; on the other, the Spanish were centred on receiving knowledge and information from the prestigious scientific and technological centers and institutions existing in the United States. We have analyzed to what degree the specific (American) objective of spreading the study of American humanistic and artistic productions (American Studies) in Spain was fulfilled and which reactions provoked. We have cited the case of the University of Salamanca as an example.
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In: Routledge studies in the history of the Americas
U.S. Public Diplomacy Strategies in Latin America in Recent Historiographical Debates / Francisco Rodríguez-Jiménez, Benedetta Calandra, Lorenzo Delgaso Gómez-Escalonilla -- Modernizing Latin America! Cuban Revolution, Alliance for Progress and Development Decade / Lorenzo Delgado Gómez-Escalonilla -- U.S. Public Diplomacy Responses to Anti-Americanism in 1960s Latin America / Alan McPherson -- U.S. Public Diplomacy in Latin America : The Regional Quest for Reputational Security, 1917-1968 / Nicholas J. Cull -- The Cost of Freedom : The Congress for Cultural Freedom in Latin America / Patrick Iber -- Development by the Book : U.S. Book Diplomacy and the Latin American Cultural Cold War / Andrés Sánchez-Padilla -- Exploring the Liberal Transformation : The Rockefeller Foundation and the Green Revolution in Chile / Fernando Quesada, Benedetta Calandra -- Sports in the Anti-Cuban Diplomacy of the U.S. : The Example of the Regional Games of San Juan, 1966 / André Gounot -- Political Partnering : The Dance of United States Diplomacy in Latin America / Victoria Phillips, Conor Lane -- Dancing across the Sugar Curtain : Choreographing Critiques of the United States in Cuba / Elizabeth Schwall -- "America Leads Materially. Why Not Culturally?" U.S. Fine Arts in Brazil, 1948-1978 / Símele Soares Rodrigues -- Perceptions and Misperceptions in Interamerican Relations / Francisco Rodríguez-Jiménez.